Life Course Case Study Essay

Presentation In this task I lead a real existence course contextual analysis of a seventy-multi year elderly person, Mr. Gambina, so as to see if structure or organization has been generally powerful for an incredible duration. The operator is the individual who really plays out the activity, while structure alludes to the fundamental structures in the public eye that impact the manner in which the specialists demonstration. Most structuralists share a conviction that singular people work exclusively as components of the (regularly covered up) informal organizations to which they have a place. The existence course hypothesis rose during the 1960s out of the need to comprehend human advancement as happening over the life expectancy. This field, which underlines how individual lives are socially designed after some time, and the procedures by which lives are changed by evolving situations. Life-course contemplates underscore the significance of epistemology in the investigation of society. Accordingly, gathering data on the four interrelated elements of the biography: auxiliary, socio-social, relational and individual story. As per Janet Z. Giele and Glen H. Senior, Jr., â€Å"Any point in the life expectancy must be seen powerfully as the result of past understanding and future expectation,† I have attempted to remember this while directing my examination and investigation of Mr. Gambina’s life length. Hypothesis The sociological hypothesis that I will be contemplating is that of C. Wright Mills. Mills’ point was to create what he called sociological creative mind. The sociological creative mind, he contended, is a point of view toward society that centers around the cozy associations between bigger basic issues (what he called Public Issues) and the day by day issues that stand up to people (Personal Troubles). Plants tried to show how issues of intensity, belief system and class are tied up with the day by day inconveniences of common people. Plants additionally tried to uncover what he saw as the awfulness of human science †the failure, reluctance or refusal to develop the sociological creative mind. A significant supposition hidden Mills’ work is that social the truth is both plainly visible and minuscule. Sociologists should attempt to comprehend social reality as far as the implications that social structures have for people. Inability to appreciate these full scale smaller scale internal associations brings about clean, pseudo-complex meandering aimlessly, which contributes little to the advancement of the sociologies or to the value of human science for dynamic social change. This hesitance to develop the sociological creative mind is, for Mills, the awfulness of current human science. Factories felt that social structure has a reality autonomous of the exercises of conventional people. In any case people make and revamp the social relations of regular day to day existence. The point of good human science is to sharpen us to the numerous ways that social structure impacts the every day lives of common individuals. His most noteworthy political and scholarly concern was that individuals in cutting edge social orders would be controlled into a condition of quiet submission and political feebleness, a state where the job of human explanation would no longer play be a significant power for dynamic social change. He says, â€Å"we can't satisfactorily comprehend ‘man’ as a separated natural animal, as a heap of reflexes or a lot of senses, as a ‘intelligible field’ or a framework all by itself. Whatever else he might be, man is a social and an authentic entertainer who must be comprehended, if by any means, right up front and complex transacti on with social and verifiable structures† . Writing Review There have been numerous life-course concentrates in the only remaining century, each concentrating on a different component of the interviewee’s life, running from why and how individuals pick their companions to the female opportunist . A comparable report to the one I am leading is Katherine R. Allen and Robert S. Pickett’s 1984 life-course investigation of ladies conceived in 1910, in America. Allen and Pickett gave specific consideration to the varieties in life examples and decisions encouraged. They understood an expanded pattern in the work of ladies, the development of instructive professions, noteworthy adjustments in marriage and separation designs, a prolongation of the existence course and a greatâ imbalance in the extents of ladies to men in their later years. Likewise in 1984, Dieter Ulich and Winfried N. Saup led life-course research, directed towards adapting to emergencies in mature age. They discovered negative generalizations and self-ideas in the old. They contended that gerontology would help towards adapting to pressure. Susan De Vos and Steven Ruggles investigated the associations between the existence course and the kinfolk gathering, in 1985, concentrating on the segment determinants of family gatherings, for example, recurrence and timing of births, passings and relationships, which all characterize the setting inside which rules of connection work. Steven Ruggles utilized microsimulation (following the family relationship way of the person as they age) to inspect the association between an individual’s life course and the idea of their kinfolk gathering and its affectability to generally segment conditions. A later report is that of Ulrich Karl Mayer in 1997, which analyzed the difficulties looked in diverse examinations of life courses. He built two complimentary perfect sorts, in view of life courses in deregulated social orders and deftly co-facilitated social orders. Mayer found that joins between macroinstitutional structures and individual life courses must be built as commonly strengthening frameworks to empower effective cross-national correlations. He inferred that cross-national correlations of life course examples ought to contain a depiction of the institutional designs and of the make-up of aggregate entertainers and models of motivating force frameworks and individual-level advances. In any case, none of the life-course examines I evaluated manage the impact of structure and organization all through the individual’s life, the point which I am managing. Technique and Methods Technique There are two principle sorts of examination: quantitative and subjective. For this situation study I utilize subjective exploration, otherwise called interpretive examination, naturalistic examination, phenomenological, distinct exploration. There are three primary sorts of subjective information assortment: meetings, perception and archives, the result of which is an account portrayal. Subjective examination is exceptionally reliant on the specialist as an individual. The specialist is an instrument, not a mechanical gadget or test instrument, as in quantitative exploration. By utilizing subjective exploration, the analyst gets considerably more profundity and detail than in a normalized poll, and it enables the questioner to see the world perspective on the individuals contemplated, the respondents’ classifications, as opposed to forced classes. Illustrative examination endeavors to stay away from pre-decisions, albeit some differ here as we generally make decisions, yet just don’t let it be known, for instance the decision of one area or gathering over another is a judgment. The objective is to attempt to catch what's going on without being judgemental; to introduce individuals on their own terms, attempt to speak to them from their points of view so peruser can see their perspectives. Be that as it may, subjective examination gives a significantly less summed up result, and makes it hard to gather information and make methodical correlations. Some case the subjective exploration is excessively reliant on the researcher’s individual traits and aptitudes. Strategy For this situation study the strategy I utilized is that of a serious, or top to bottom, meet. This is an unstructured balanced meeting, where expansive inquiries are posed, giving the interviewee a beginning stage and afterward posing inquiries to help push the person in question in the correct course. Meetings are the most adaptable methods for getting data, since the vis-à-vis circumstance encourages answers to be in more profundity and detail. Additionally, data can be seen by the questioner without posing the particular inquiry. Not at all like in mail or phone surveys, sensitiveâ questions can't stay unanswered, and the questioner can be sure who precisely is responding to the inquiries, relatives won't have the option to present. Then again, balanced meetings may make and questioner inclination: physical appearance, age, race, sex, dress, non-verbal conduct as well as remarks may provoke respondents to address questions untruthfully. When all is said in done, interviews are a weakness on the grounds that a ton of time and cash is required, yet this isn't the situation for this specific life-course study, as it just arrangements with one individual. Results Birth and Family or Origin The respondent, Mr. Gambina, conceived in 1927, was conceived during the respite between the two World Wars. At the point when I got some information about his youth, he revealed to me that it was extremely ordinary, alluding to things all youngsters do, specifically his blessed fellowship, affirmation, and that he was a church kid. He had just beneficial comments about his folks, portraying them both as calm and committed to their family. The little difficulty he got into with his folks was to do with going out as opposed to remaining at home to contemplate; he said he felt joyful during his young years, disclosing to me that they used to play in the boulevards, despite the fact that a war was on. The most huge even of his adolescent years was the Second World War, and his dad being repatriated to Sicily as a result of it. Training Mr. Gambina appreciated school, specifically recalls his instructor who he portrayed as delicate and good natured. One of his enduring recollections of school is the exercises being hindered via air strikes. He had an ability for dialects, and recollected the name of a significant book, Manzoni’s exemplary ‘I Promessi Sposi’ after just a moment of thought. When gotten some information about the job of instruction in a person’s life, he promptly answered, â

Speaker Recognition System Pattern Classification

Speaker Recognition System Pattern Classification A Study on Speaker Recognition System and Pattern arrangement Techniques Dr E.Chandra, K.Manikandan, M.S.Kalaivani Conceptual Speaker Recognition is the way toward recognizing an individual through his/her voice signs or discourse waves. Example grouping assumes a crucial job in speaker acknowledgment. Example order is the way toward gathering the examples, which are having a similar arrangement of properties. This paper manages speaker acknowledgment framework and outline of Pattern order strategies DTW, GMM and SVM. Catchphrases Speaker Recognition System, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), Support Vector Machine (SVM). Presentation Speaker Recognition is the way toward recognizing an individual through his/her voice signals [1] or discourse waves. It tends to be characterized into two classes, speaker recognizable proof and speaker confirmation. In speaker distinguishing proof assignment, a discourse articulation of an obscure speaker is contrasted and set of substantial clients. The best match is utilized to distinguish the speaker. Thus, in speaker check the obscure speaker first cases character, and the asserted model is then utilized for recognizable proof. In the event that the match is over a predefined edge, the personality guarantee is acknowledged The discourse utilized for these assignment can be either message ward or content free. In content ward application the framework has the earlier information on the content to be spoken. The client will talk a similar book for what it's worth in the predefined content. In a book autonomous application, there is no earlier information by the arrangement of the content to be spoken. Example characterization assumes an imperative job in speaker acknowledgment. The term Pattern characterizes the objects of intrigue. In this paper the grouping of acoustic vectors, separated from input discourse are taken as examples. Example arrangement is the way toward gathering the examples, which are having a similar arrangement of properties. It assumes a crucial job in speaker acknowledgment framework. The consequence of example grouping concludes whether to acknowledge or dismiss a speaker. A few research endeavors have been done in design grouping. The vast majority of the works dependent on generative model. There are Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) [3], Hidden Markov Models (HMM) , Vector Quantization (VQ) [4], Gaussian blend model (GMM) [5], etc. Generative model is for arbitrarily creating watched information, with some concealed parameters. As a result of the haphazardly creating watched information capacities, they can't give a machine that can straightforwardly streamline segregation. Bolster vector machine was presenting as an elective classifier for speaker check. [6]. In AI SVM is another apparatus, which is utilized for hard arrangement issues in a few fields of utilization. This instrument is fit to manage the examples of higher dimensionality. In speaker check twofold choice is required, since SVM is discriminative paired classifier it can group a total articulation in a solitary advance. This paper is arranged as follows. In segment 2: speaker acknowledgment framework, in segment 3, Pattern Classification, AND review of DTW, GMM, and SVM methods .segment 4: Conclusion. SPEAKER RECOGNITION SYSTEM Speaker acknowledgment ordered into confirmation and recognizable proof. Speaker Recognition framework comprises of two phases .speaker confirmation and speaker recognizable proof. Speaker confirmation is 1:1 match, where the voice print is coordinated with one layout. However, speaker recognizable proof is 1:N match, where the information discourse is coordinated with more than one layouts. Speaker check comprises of five stages. 1. Information obtaining 2.feature extraction 3.pattern coordinating 4.decision creation 5.generate speaker models. Fig 1: Speaker acknowledgment framework In the initial step test discourse is obtained in a controlled way from the client. The speaker acknowledgment framework will process the discourse signals and concentrate the speaker biased data. This data shapes a speaker model. At the hour of confirmation process, an example voice print is obtained from the client. The speaker acknowledgment framework will remove the highlights from the information discourse and looked at withpredefined model. This procedure is called design coordinating. DC Offset Removal and Silence Removal Discourse information are discrete-time discourse signals, convey some excess consistent balance called DC balance [8].The estimations of DC counterbalance influence the data ,extricated from the discourse signals. Quiet casings are sound edges of foundation clamor with low vitality level .quietness expulsion is the way toward disposing of the quiet time frame from the discourse. The sign vitality in every discourse outline is determined by utilizing condition (1). M †Number of tests in a discourse outlines, N-Total number of discourse outlines. Limit level is dictated by utilizing the condition (2) Edge = Emin + 0.1 (Emax †Emin) (2) Emax and Emin are the most minimal and most prominent estimations of the N fragments. Fig 2. Discourse Signal before Silence Removal Fig 3. Discourse Signal after Silence Removal This strategy is utilized to improve the high frequencies of the discourse signal. The point of this procedure is to frightfully straighten the discourse signal that is to build the overall vitality of its high recurrence range. The accompanying two components chooses the need of Pre-accentuation technique.1.Speech Signals by and large contains more speaker explicit data in higher frequencies [9]. 2. On the off chance that the discourse signal vitality diminishes the recurrence builds .This made the element extraction procedure to concentrate all the parts of the voice signals. Pre-accentuation is actualized as first request limited Impulse Response channel, characterized as H(Z) = 1-0.95 Z-1 (3) The beneath model speaks to discourse flags when Pre-underscoring. Fig 4. Discourse Signal before Pre-stressing Fig 5. Discourse Signal after Pre-stressing Windowing and Feature Extraction: The method windowing is utilized to limit the sign discontinuities at starting and end of each casing. It is utilized to smooth the sign and makes the edge increasingly adaptable for ghostly investigation. The accompanying condition is utilized in windowing strategy. y1(n) = x (n)w(n), 0 ≠¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ N-1 (4) N-Number of tests in each edge. The condition for Hamming window is(5) There is enormous changeability in the discourse signal, which are taken for handling. to decrease this inconstancy ,include extraction procedure is required. MFCC has been broadly utilized as the element extraction method for programmed speaker acknowledgment. Davis and Mermelstein revealed that Mel-recurrence cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) gave preferable execution over different highlights in 1980 [10]. Fig 6. Highlight Extraction MFCC method isolates the info signal into short casings and apply the windowing strategies, to dispose of the discontinuities at edges of the edges. In quick Fourier change (FFT) stage, it changes over the sign to recurrence space and after that Mel scale channel bank is applied to the resultant casings. From that point onward, Logarithm of the sign is passed to the converse DFT work changing over the sign back to time area. Example CLASSIFICATION Example characterization includes in registering a match score in speaker acknowledgment framework. The term coordinate score alludes the comparability of the information include vectors to some model. Speaker models are worked from the highlights removed from the discourse signal. In view of the component extraction a model of the voice is created and put away in the speaker acknowledgment framework. To approve a client the coordinating calculation contrasts the info voice signal and the model of the guaranteed client. In this paper three strategies in design characterization have been thought about. Those three significant procedures are DTW, GMM and SVM. Dynamic Time Warping: This notable calculation is utilized in numerous zones. It is right now utilized in Speech recognition,sign language acknowledgment and motions acknowledgment, penmanship and online mark coordinating ,information mining and time arrangement bunching, observation , protein grouping arrangement and compound designing , music and sign preparing . Dynamic Time Warping calculation is proposed by Sadaoki Furui in 1981.This calculation quantifies the comparability between two arrangement which may shift in time and speed. This calculation finds an ideal match between two given arrangements. The normal of the two examples is taken to shape another format. This procedure is rehashed until all the preparation articulations have been joined into a solitary format. This strategy coordinates a test contribution from a multi-dimensional component vector T= [ t1, t2†¦tI] with a reference format R= [ r1, r2†¦rj]. It finds the capacity w(i) as appeared in the underneath figure. In Speaker R ecognition framework Every information discourse is contrasted and the expression in the database .For every examination, the separation measure is determined .In the estimations lower separation shows higher likeness. Fig 7. . Dynamic Time Warping Gaussian blend model: Gaussian blend model is the most ordinarily utilized classifier in speaker acknowledgment system.It is a sort of thickness model which includes various segment capacities. These capacities are joined to give a multimodal thickness. This model is frequently utilized for information bunching. It utilizes an elective calculation that joins to a nearby ideal. In this technique the conveyance of the component vector x is demonstrated obviously utilizing blend of M Gaussians. mui-speak to the mean and covariance of the I th blend. x1, x2†¦xn, Training information ,M-number of blend. The assignment is parameter estimation which best matches the conveyance of the preparation highlight vectors given in the information discourse. The notable technique is greatest likehood estimation. It finds the model parameters which amplify the likehood of GMM. Subsequently, the testing information which increase a most extreme score will perceive as speaker. Bolster Vector Mach

How to Cite a Pamphlet

How to Cite a Pamphlet (3) Working on a project about a museum exhibit? You’ll likely want to cite the pamphlet given to visitors, in addition to newspaper clippings about the exhibit or books written on the subject presented. Compiling information about a business? You may want to quote directly from the company’s brochure. Citing a pamphlet may seem like a daunting task at first. You may be more accustomed to writing citations for scholarly works, rather than for primary source documents. But with the proper information, you’ll find that citing a pamphlet isn’t as challenging as it might seem initially. In fact, the information required is quite similar to what you’d need if you were citing a book. Let’s review how to do this in MLA format (8th ed.), APA format, and Chicago/Turabian. For our example, let’s look at the pamphlet “Access” by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. To cite a pamphlet properly, you must identify the following pieces of information: The author of the pamphlet. This can be an individual, group, or organization Title of the pamphlet URL of the website that the pamphlet was found on (if found online) Date the pamphlet was published Publisher of the pamphlet City where the publisher is located (for Chicago/Turabian) Use the following structure to cite a pamphlet in MLA format: Last name, First name of the author or Organization responsible for the creation of the pamphlet. Title of the Pamphlet. Publisher*, date of publication, URL. (remove http:// or https:// from the citation). *Note about the Publisher: If the name of the publisher matches the name of the author, start the citation with the title and do not include the author information. If in Print: If the pamphlet is found in print, end the citation with the date of publication and a period. Exclude the URL. Here’s how the above example would be cited in MLA format: Access. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fall 2017, metmuseum.org/-/media/Files/Events/Programs/Progs%20for%20Visitors%20with%20Disabilities/AccessCalendar.pdf. *The Metropolitan Museum of Art is both the author and the publisher. To prevent duplication of this information twice in the citation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art is only included in the publisher position.   Use the following structure to cite a pamphlet in APA: To cite a pamphlet found online in APA, use the following structure: Author’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Organization. (Year the pamphlet was published). Title of pamphlet [Brochure]. Retrieved from URL If in Print: To cite a pamphlet in print in APA, use the following structure: Author’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Organization. (Year the pamphlet was published). Title of pamphlet [Brochure]. City of publisher, State abbreviation or Country: Publisher*. *When citing a pamphlet in print in APA, if the name of the publisher matches the name of the author, place the word Author in the place where the publisher’s name would be. Here’s how the above example would be cited as an APA citation: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2017). Access [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://metmuseum.org/-/media/Files/Events/Programs/Progs%20for%20Visitors%20with%20Disabilities/AccessCalendar.pdf If citing the same pamphlet in print, the APA citation would look like this: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2017). Access [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author. Use the following structure to cite a pamphlet in Chicago/Turabian: Last name, First name of the Author or Name of the Organization who wrote the pamphlet. Title of Brochure. City of Publication: Publisher, Year published. URL. If in Print: If citing the pamphlet in print in Chicago/Turabian, exclude the URL from the citation and end the citation with a period. Here’s how the above example would be cited in Chicago/Turabian: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Access. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2017, https://metmuseum.org/-/media/Files/Events/Programs/Progs%20for%20Visitors%20with%20Disabilities/AccessCalendar.pdf. One Last Option If you like guided forms better, has a citation form specifically for pamphlets that tells you exactly what information is needed for the citation. Simply fill in the form with the correct information and the citation will be generated for you. Click here to try it out.

Brake vs. Break How to Choose the Right Word

The words brake and break are homophones: They sound the same and are related but have different meanings. The word break has many centuries behind it and appears in all the old Germanic languages, the Oxford University Press (OUP) blog says. But brake, meaning a device to slow the motion of a wheel, has been around only a few hundred years, appearing first near the end of the 18th century. The OUP blog article also notes that brake came into English at various times in relation to tools that broke or crushed something. One such tool crushed plants such as hemp or flax. Another brake came from a word for a bridle, which put the brakes on a horse. It is a product of folk etymology, for the apparatus broke the motion, OUP says. How to Use Brake As a noun, brake nowadays most commonly refers to a device for slowing down or stopping the movement of a vehicle or machine. On a mode of transportation, its typically used in the plural form, as in, My brakes went out. The verb to brake means to slow down or stop with a brake. How to Use Break Break as a noun has many meanings, including a fracture, an interruption, a pause, a sudden move, an escape, and an opportunity. The irregular verb break also has many meanings. The most common ones include to split into pieces, to make unusable, to disrupt or get rid of, and to interrupt. It can be a transitive verb (taking an object), as in, She breaks different colors of glazed ceramic tiles to make her mosaics. It can be intransitive (no object), such as in, Cheap toys break easily. Examples Here are some examples that show their meanings and some idiomatic usages to help you remember them in context. Gus released the parking brake, threw the car into drive, and pulled away without once looking back.Her bumper sticker said, Caution: I brake for yard sales.Oh, give me a break, he said. I dont believe you.The climbers spent three days in their tents, waiting for a break in the weather.Even a good friend may break a promise.The workers are allowed two 15-minute breaks.People can do jail time for breaking and entering.These stiff new shoes hurt my feet. I need to break them in.The waves are breaking on the shore.The officer cut me a break and let me off with a warning.The basketball player has a really fast break on the court. How to Remember the Difference If you can remember that the word breakfast came from two words, meaning the meal that you eat to break your fast, you should be able to keep the meanings of the two words separate in your memory. Practice Exercises The mechanic replaced the _____ linings and pads on my van.People shouldnt _____ the law whenever they feel unjustly treated.Dillingers prison _____ is the stuff of legend—and movies.If you _____ something in this shop, you have to pay for it. Answers to Practice Exercises The mechanic replaced the  brake  linings and pads on my van.People shouldnt  break  the law whenever they feel unjustly treated.Dillingers prison  break is the stuff of legend—and movies.If you  break  something in this shop, you have to pay for it. Sources Liberman, Anatoly. Break and Brake. Oxford University Press blog, 16 June 2010.

Advertising Should Be Done in an Ethical Way - 618 Words

Advertising is the indispensable way a brand promotes itself, but the imperative way to do this is in an ethical way. It is essential to reach out to the audience in a way, which doesn’t hurt their feelings or get to them in a negative way. When a commercial gets a negative review it eventually gets banned from being aired, as the viewers find it ‘offensive’ or have their very plausible reasons for it and moreover the main essence of the ad has vanished. Some commercials are banned for apparent reasons, while others are not very evident. Are these the reason an ad gets banned? How will the audiences taken in the message? This is not something one would think about while creating the ad as they would be unseen or overlooked upon. Censoring what the public sees, leads us to question how much of what we see, are they fact or fiction? It also might lead the audience to assume a wrong meaning, which wasn’t meant to be conveyed. It is simple, what one may see as humorous the other would find it offensive. Usually commercials are banned as they might contain some sexual content, which cannot be viewed by some group of audience, another reason might be due to religious or cultural reasons or due to the product itself, like the commercial for cigarettes are banned from being aired due to the obvious reason. Companies need to constantly engage of right and wrong in order to create catchy advertisements. Companies need to have a relentless check on the right and wrong, does andShow MoreRelatedBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA800 Words   |  4 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare ofRead MoreThe Driving Force Behind A Company s Financial Success Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagescustomers† (Kotler Keller, 2012). Since marketing plays such a vital role in a business success, marketing manager and the company they represents has a fiduciary responsibility to consumers. Thus marketing managers has not only a moral but also an ethical responsibility to consumer, stakeholders and the company they represents. In simple layman’s term, ethics is a concept of what is wrong and right. 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Comedy in Educating Rita Free Essays

Aristotle said that comedy is an imitation of inferior people’. How far do you think that this applies to the character of Rata in the play ‘Educating Rata? Educating Rata Is a play that uses the colloquialism of the mall protagonist, Rata, to create the comedy element for the audience when she Is being tutored by Frank, an untypical university lecturer who works In the setting of sass’s northern England. In interpreting the characteristics of Rata, it can be identified that comedy is indeed an imitation of inferior people as highlighted by Aristotle who seemed to signify the inferior of society as those who weren’t of royal or noble birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Comedy in Educating Rita or any similar topic only for you Order Now Including Rata, the two main protagonists of this play could be classed as inferior because of them not belonging where they should. As Frank is a middle class university lecturer, he should be considered a financially comfortable and sophisticated man due to his social class. Educated people of his social class were typically expected to visit the theatre and enjoy sports. They were also expected to watch the BBC, the comment ‘It’s all BBC with you Isn’t It? ‘ portrays Rite’s Idea of Franks class and the typical actively f his class. As Frank has a problem with alcoholism, he Sins the normal middle-class lecturer; he Is Instead used to expose the deterioration he sees within the education system of England at this time. Russell uses Franks alcoholism to bring out the comedy in the first act of the play. Franks alcoholism is humorous to the audience because of it being so unexpected due to his class and career. In Act One, Frank recites famous classical authors before finding his alcohol, Where the hell..? Eliot? No. ‘E’. ‘E’. Dickens. ‘ This portrays his apparent loathing for the education system by sing the literature on his bookshelf to hide his alcohol, but also shows the depth of his alcohol problem because of him having to conceal it. He does this by the mocking of classical literary works and he also mocks the students within the education system when discussing the window in his room, Frank says ‘l sometimes get an urge to throw something out of It†¦ A student usually. This portrays his distaste for his career and this problem separates him from the rest of his social class, It therefore classes him as someone who Is Inferior. He could also be considered Inferior because f his aversion to the education system and this causes him to again be different from a normal academic figure from sass’s England. Rite’s character has more than one dimension to the contemporary audience. Although the majority of the audience watching this play would have been middle class, they would admire Rata due to her level of determination to gain an education. This admiration could come from her being a female and the rise of feminism in the sass’s, the popularity of plays such as ‘Top Girls’ by Carry Churchill which had many feminist ideals within it could be linked to aspects of Rite’s character. Throughout the first act of the play the comedy elements come from Rite’s misinterpretations. This enhances her working class mind- set to the audience and gives them more of an analysis of the comedy within Rata, due to her Interpretations and how they differ from Frank. One of these misinterpretations Is when Frank shows her a picture on the wall that she observes by saying, ‘look at those its’, whereas Frank believes it to be beautiful piece of need for a choice within working class life. She is desperate to escape from the normal class of her social group and doesn’t feel like she belongs there. She goes against her husband to gain what she wants and consequently takes power over her own life, ‘he can burn all me books but he can’t burn what’s up here’ shows this to the audience. This choice she will gain separates her from what Aristotle considered inferior. As Rata progresses to better herself, she also progresses to become more like Frank and middle class, but by the end probably doesn’t belong there either, ‘I’m a freak signifies her opinion of herself. Rata will never belong in either class, as she is too educated for her own class but her lack of an ascribed status creates a difference between her and the middle class. This creates empathy from the audience as she has no real identity; she is inferior in both classes and will never be considered superior. The determination of Rata to progress beyond her own class now changes the mockery once used by the audience towards her character into awe and admiration. Rite’s lack of real identity is also signified as she changes her name to match that of an author before we meet her in Act One. She is borrowing someone else’s identity because her own identity is so confused by her not knowing where she belongs. Her choice of author to correct her working class name, ‘Rata Mae Brown’ also creates comedy and a mockery of her class because of this author not being renowned at all in terms of literary status. This again signifies her lack of belonging within the middle class. In Act Two, Frank himself mocks her for her lack of known identity, What is it now then? Virginia? Or Charlotte? Or Jane? Or Emily? This represents the breakdown of their relationship due to Rite’s new status. This significance of Rata having no identity could imply Rata is inferior in her own head, ‘I’m a freak, but is still not inferior to the audience. Elder Olson said that ‘comedy resides not in events but in the view taken of them’. This suggests that comedy isn’t created through the events that occur but in the audience’s perception of these events. This applies when Rata quits smoking, possibly to improve her health, whilst bettering her education. This shows us how serious her intent is on bettering her life and her determination for this and this makes us view her as being superior in terms of strength and determination. However, in Act Two, after she has gained an insight into academic education through summer school, Rata takes up smoking again, but due to her rise in self-confidence and class, it now seems like a sophisticated element of middle class life. Smoking no longer seems a habit of the working class, ‘She is wrapped in a large winter coat. She lights a cigarette’. Rite’s change in clothing and the cigarette portray the change in her. The audience’s perception of Rata has now changed and signifies her superiority to her former self. This indicates to me that she is not an inferior character in this play. As this play is set in the sass’s, the issues presented were more acceptable than they are to a modern day audience. One of these issues is the controlling relationship between Rata and her husband, Denny. Although we never actually meet Denny, the audience can infer his personality wrought Rite’s description. While Rata wants to gain an education, Denny wants to settle down and start a family, ‘l told him I’d only have a baby when I had choice’. To Rata, this ‘choice’ is all that matters, and with Denny controlling her, this choice is more limited than ever before. This type of relationship was not uncommon in the role, especially in working class British society. This means that an audience of that time would find this more socially acceptable, but looking at it from a current perspective, this would be considered wrong due to society being perceived as more equal now. This is also similar with the issue of Franks alcoholism, as this was more accepted then, now it is considered a social problem within society. The issues presented by Rata show her not to be an inferior character as she removes herself from her controlling marriage and her determination to gain a ‘choice’ culminates in success. Using a different viewpoint, I believe Rata completely goes against Aristotle theory of comedy being an imitation of inferior people. The characterization of Rata is not that of someone that is inferior, but is in fact someone who is elevated above the inferior but is not yet considered superior. Her willpower to improve herself does not follow that of someone who would be classed as inferior. The fact she is ‘on the pill again’ when her husband wants to settle down and start a family shows how independent and strong she is as a woman and she does not allow herself to be controlled. I think an audience at the time the play was written would have admired her need to take control of her own life, even though they would be largely middle class. At the time of the play being written, Margaret Thatcher had Just come into power and she spoke of attaining more than you were expected to achieve. I think Hess ideals of Margaret Thatcher may have inspired Wily Russell when creating the protagonist, Rata. Through analyzing Aristotle theory, I can deduct that the character of Rata is not inferior. In fact I think the determination shown by Rata in the play, leads me to believe that she would be considered superior to a contemporary audience as she elevates herself not only above her own class but also above the middle class through her necessity to better herself. She does not succumb to the traits classically portrayed by the middle class and therefore I feel that claiming her as inferior is not doing Rite’s emotion and character Justice. How to cite Comedy in Educating Rita, Papers

Capital budgeting free essay sample

Capital Budgeting Capital Budgeting is done because companies need to make Acceptance/rejection decisions for buying fixed assets etc. Features of fixed assets : Investments upfront and returns take a long time. Risk is long term Expenses are indivisible and lumpy Ex. If HUL wants to put up a synthetic detergent plant of 50 cr. Rs. - by spending 25 Cr. Rs. , the plant wont be operational at half the capacityS The Capex decisions are irreversible Projected PL : Less Sales Raw Materials Utilities Employee Cost Depreciation Sales and Distn. Repair and maintenance + Administrative Exp. Int. on Working capital Total Cost PBT Tax PAT PAT + Depreciation Non manufacturing Expenses x Cash outflow, Inflow: Cash outflow – Investment, Incremental working capital (as all the capacity won’t be utilised in some cases) Cash Inflow – Operating cash flow, Terminal cash inflow = Salvage value of fixed asset, recovery of Net working capital Numerical Prakash Steel – Refer to Excel Finished Goods costing – 1. Many corporations often calculate capital budgeting solutions using all three methods. However, each method often produces contradictory results. The net present value method is the most accurate valuation approach to capital budgeting issues (smallbusiness). If a corporation can discount the after tax cash flow by the weighted average cost of capital, managers can determine if the project will be profitable or not. The net present value method reveals exactly how profitable a project will be to the corporation versus the alternative methods (Chen, 2012). With the various evaluation methods, corporations can base the decisions for the future on the results of the evaluation. The net present value method takes the time value of money by discounting an investments future return to a present value (Chen, 2012). The thought behind the time value of money concept is that a dollar in hand today is worth more than the same dollar in the future. In capital budgeting decisions, the net present value discount is taken into consideration when the present value of the future return is compared with the present value of the cash outflows on any investment (Mason, 2011). If a corporation, such as Guillermo Furniture, is considering using the net present value method, the return on the investment would show clearly whether it is more than sufficient to increase the financial health of the corporation or not. Another preferred evaluation method is the internal rate of return. The internal rate of return is a discount rate that results from a net present value equal to zero (Mason, 2011). When the internal rate of return is higher than the weighted average cost of capital, it would be considered a profitable endeavor and thus should be pursued (Steven, 2010). A major advantage of the internal rate of return method is that it provides a benchmark for every project (Steven, 2010). This can allow a corporation to compare projects on the basis of the return on invested capital. For example, if Guillermo Furniture’s internal rate of return results higher than the cost of capital, it would be determined that the project is acceptable, and the corporation should move forward on the project. However, if the results are less than the cost of capital, the corporation should abort the project as it would hurt the financial health of the corporation. The final preferred evaluation method used by corporations is the payback period method. The payback period method reveals the amount of time it would take to recover the initial investment on a particular project (smallbusiness). Even though this method is considered preferred, it can result in disappointment for many corporations who value the results (Steven, 2010). The main reason is the results do not factor in the cash flow in its entirety from a certain project, which can skew the overall result of the return on the potential investment (Steven, 2010). When a corporation analyzes this method, it is determined that it results in a break even measure and only measures the economic life of the particular investment revolving around the payback period (Steven, 2010). This method is used mainly as a comparative measure for the net present value and the internal rate of return giving a time frame of recovering the initial investment. After considering the three preferred evaluation methods, it was determined that the net present value method would be the method of choice for the Guillermo Furniture scenario for a couple of reasons. First, the corporation cannot rely solely on the payback method because it does not take into account the entire cash flow for the project. After calculating how much time it would take to recover the initial investment, it was found that it would take more than 50 years, which is unrealistic for capital budgeting purposes. The focus shifted to the second preferred method of internal rate of return. The internal rate of return proved that the return on the investment would only yield 10%. The calculation was based on taking the total investment of $1,354,141. 21 and dividing it on the number of years the profit was expected to continue, which totaled $133,742. 20. The expected rate of return for the project had to be at least 12% for the project to be acceptable. Based on the net present value calculations and taking the required rate of return of 12%, the number of years the profit is expected to continue, which is 5, and the future annual cash flows amount of $26,748. 4, the present value of future cash flows equaled $96,422. 14. The net present value is measured by taking the investment outflow ($96,422. 14) minus the present value of future cash flows ($1,354,141. 21), which equals $1,257,719. 07. By dividing this amount by the investment outflow, the rate of return on investment yields 13%. Therefore, it would be recommended that Guillermo Furniture use the net present valu e method for this project as it would improve the financial health of the corporation.

Perfect Pitch Essays - Cognitive Musicology, Music Cognition

Perfect Pitch Perfect Pitch is the ability to identify any musical note without comparison to a reference note, and is a talent displayed in a small amount of people. What causes it is a question which has attracted a lot of attention lately. Scientists are asking them selves if it is a learned ability or are we given this unique talent through our genes. MRI scans in test have shown an enlarged portion of the brain present in individuals gifted the ability of perfect pitch. Scientists have been extensively surveying and testing musicians and non-musicians alike to place the key to this rare and special gift. A research team from D?sseldorf, Germany believes they have located the physical basis of perfect pitch. The team led b y neurologist Gottfried Schlaug and Helmuth Steinmetz of D?sseldorf Heinrich Heine University report that the planum temporale is far larger on the left side than on the right side in professional musicians--especially in those who have perfect pitch (Nowak 616). Previous studies have suggested that the left hemispheric activation sites in the brain are seen during phonological, lexical, or semantic language task performance, while the right hemispheric preponderances are found for melodic and pitch perception (Schlaug 699). So Schlaug and his colleagues decided to examine the relative sizes of the left and right planum temporale in musicians' brains because previous work has shown that a leftward asymmetry there is associated with mental functions unique to humans, such as language (Blakeslee A16). Steinmetz believes that the neurological basis of music making is l ikely to be in the planum temporale since music may be "an even higher function" than language (qtd. Nowak 616). Researches carried out comparisons by means of magnetic resonance imaging, which allowed the researchers to measure the volume of specific brain structures. They compared the images of the brains of thirty professional musicians (eleven with perfect pitch, nineteen without) with those of thirty sex and age matched non-musicians. The left planum temporale was larger than the right in both musicians and non-musicians. But the size disparity was twice as great for the musicians, a difference almost entirely due to the presence in the group of musicians with perfect pitch (Chatterjee 16). Other studies are trying to pin down perfect pitch in our genes. Peter k Gregersen, MD, chief of the division of biology and human genetics at North Shore University Hospital (Manhasset) has observed that perfect pitch seems to run in the family. Out of 126 people with perfect pitch surveyed, five and a half percent reported their parents having perfect pitch and twenty-six said they have siblings with the skill. While on the other hand only one point one percent of the musicians without perfect pitch reported there parents having it and one point three percents of there siblings with the skill ("North Shore" 38). The survey also pointed out that all of those musicians with perfect pitch started playing at an average age of four point seven years, while those without it started at seven point three years old. Another study led by Siamak Baharloo from the University of California, San Francisco, surveyed six hundred musicians and found that forty percent of those with perfect pitch cl aimed to have a relative with the talent, while only twelve percent of those without perfect pitch said they had a family member with the ability (Travis 316). Researchers have also suggested that early exposure to pitches can help obtain perfect pitch. Diana Deutsch of the University of California, San Diego, has found that perfect pitch is common among native speakers of tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese and Vietnamese. Deutsch quoted that "Our findings show that speakers of Vietnamese and Mandarin possess an extraordinarily precise form of absolute pitch, which is reflected in their enunciation of words." She goes on to say that "since all except one of the subjects in the study had received little or no musical training, we conclude that this ability resulted from their early acquisition of tone language, and that they had learned to associate pitches with meaningful words very early in life" (University of California n.p.). In conclusion perfect pitch is believed to be caused by a variety of things. Research has shown links to

Adverb(ial) Phrases in English

Adverb(ial) Phrases in English An adverb phrase (or adverbial phrase) is a word group with an adverb as its head. This adverb may be accompanied by modifiers or qualifiers. An adverb phrase can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even an entire sentence or main clause. As shown in the examples below, it can appear in a number of different positions in a sentence. Examples of Adverbial Phrases The Cheshire Cat vanished quite slowly, beginning with the end of its tail.The players responded surprisingly well to all the pressures of the playoffs.The best way to preserve the flavor and texture of fresh vegetables is to cook them as quickly as possible.As quickly as possible, we cleaned the fish and placed them in coolers.The air was warm, stirred only occasionally by a breeze.Only occasionally is there a rumble in the sky or a hint of rain.Snow fell much earlier than usual.My daughters choice of driving music is,  surprisingly enough, classic rock. Quotes With Adverb Phrases James Russell Lowell If youth be a defect, it is one that we outgrow only too soon. Beverly Barton, Close Enough to Kill Bernie watched Jims face for a reaction.  Surprisingly enough, he grinned. Adverbial Phrases Without Adverbs Theyre called adverbial phrases because they can occur in the same range of positions as single adverbs. Many such adverbial phrases, paradoxically, do not contain an adverb. Such adverb-less adverbial phrases are typically prepositional phrases, as italicized in the examples below from James R. Hurford in Grammar: A Students Guide. On Friday night, Im playing squash.Their marriage broke up in the most painful way.May I, on behalf of the shareholders, congratulate you? Positioning Adverb Phrases Jame R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide Like adverbs, adverb phrases can cause confusion because there is some flexibility in where they occur within sentences, and even in modifying the sentence structure. As well, adverb phrases are sometimes embedded in other phrases. Examples are: Laura, a better, gentler, more beautiful Laura, whom everybody, everybody loved dearly and tenderly.He had taken her hand sympathizingly, forgivingly, but his silence made me curious.David, on the lowest step, was very evidently not hearing a word of what was being said. Our first example identifies an adverb phrase following the verb loved; the next example shows an adverb phrase following the noun hand and removed from the verb it modifies; the third example has an adverb phrase embedded into a verb phrase was...hearing. Such flexibility makes it more difficult to identify these phrases; therefore, noting the head adverb can be of help. Sources Barton, Beverly. Close Enough to Kill. Hardcover, Zebra Books/Kensington Publish, 2006. Hurford, James R. Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, January 27, 1995. ODwyer, Bernard. Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. 2nd Edition, Broadview Press, June 16, 2006.

Health Administarion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Administarion - Case Study Example The state of the health care system has made it necessary to develop measures that will be used to monitor and revise quality program implementation so as to ensure patients receive equal medical attention as well as quality and affordable medical services. The Agency of Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) in collaboration with Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) have been given a mandate by the U. S. Congress to come up with measures that will be used to improve health care quality (Ransom et. al, 2008). Various measures have been developed which are grouped into aspects of patient safety, patient centeredness, effectiveness as well as timeliness. An important measure involves the use of combination of ratings and reports to determine the experiences of patients regarding the important dimensions of patient care, overall satisfaction with the services they received as well as the importance of each of the element in relation to satisfaction of patient needs. More objective measures are also used to describe levels of quality of services from patients’ perspectives. Regulation and accreditation standards exist to ensure hospitals provide high quality and competent health care. Facility accreditation processes ensure hospitals demonstrate capacities that are in accordance with national health accreditation standards developed for health care centers. Health care centers have to undergo accreditation review for them to qualify to provide health care services to patients. Regulations and accreditation standards ensure that health care providers make informed choices and conform to the outlined legislation that governs privacy and confidentiality of patient information (Ransom et. al, 2008). Barriers may be faced in measurement of health care quality. Many operations are carried out in health care facilities and this leads to development of a complex nature of the health care therefore making measurement of

Complete a Case Analysis of Kraft Foods Inc Assignment

Complete a Case Analysis of Kraft Foods Inc - Assignment Example The alternative strategies were given out based on the analysis that was noted in the company analysis. Existing Mission, Objectives, and Strategies Located in the UK, Kraft Food Company, the mission statement of the company is based on a rational strategic plan to start executing it. Established in 1903, the company is a manufacturing conglomerate located in Illinois, a suburb in Chicago, USA and specializes in grocery. A manufacturing firm, the company grocery collection has a big lineation to direct food items such as convenience foods, confectionery, snacks, beverage and cheese. The company operates in more than 170 countries all over the world. The company does not operate on the basis of production of the named food items a lone but specializes in marketing, innovation, health and wellness as well as health sustainability (Kraft, 2013). The company operations are therefore based on a mission statement that looks to promote a good health in all the company customers and thus goe s ‘Make Today Delicious’. The universality is inculcated in the fact that the company is a multinational. The mission is all about what the company is and the company is about the customers, their health and the general life that they live. The company strategies in view of the mission statement are quite diverse. ... Production is not only a way of market sustenance, the company therefore wishes to create a human resource management strength in which all the market will be willing to work for it. The last laid strategy is that the company wishes to make itself be recognized as a high performance as far as the market is concerned. In view of these strategies, the company came up with some objectives that would see it realize the strategies that it had planned to achieve. The first object that the company wishes to implement is the acceleration of growth of core brands. The second is that the company wishes to extend the awareness of the value of its products in the developing countries. Moreover, the company wishes to increase its value of those brands that are considered as low quality in the market. This will be done at the lowest possible cost in the market. The last objective again is based on human resource and is leveled towards development of the company values through employment of committ ed employees. A new mission statement can be created for the company based on a combination of its existing values as well as inclusion of the strategic objectives more than is covered. It would take close proximity to ‘Making Today and Tomorrow Delicious’. This would mean the company opens up more branches all over the world so that it is able to impact everyone positively. The company will therefore do this through provisions for a well experienced more knowledgeable employment team, cleaner restaurants and at affordable prices. SWOT (TOWS) Analysis of Kraft Food Inc. Multinational companies have very wide market coverage and therefore have the

Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride and Ambroxol Hydrochloride

Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride and Ambroxol Hydrochloride SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LEVOCETRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE AND AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN SYRUP DOSAGE FORM BY USING UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD S. S. Pekamwar, Madhav Shelke ABSTRACT: A simple, economical, rapid, accurate and precise UV Spectrophotometric method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in Syrup formulation. Determination of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride (LCTZ) and Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) in bulk and in syrup was conducted by using simultaneous equation method based on measurement of absorbance at 246 nm and 231 nm, ÃŽ »max of LCTZ and AMB, respectively. The solvent used for proposed method was methanol: water (50:50). The linearity for LCTZ and AMB was in the range of 5-35 Â µg/ml and 5-50 Â µg/ml, respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The % recovery was found to be in the range of 99.52- 99.82% and 100.37- 100.72% for LCTZ and AMB, respectively. Thus the proposed method was simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate and can be successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydroc hloride in bulk and in Syrup formulation. KEYWORDS: Levocetrizine dihydrochloride, Ambroxol hydrochloride, Simultaneous Equation Method, UV Spectrophotometry, Syrup, Validation. INTRODUCTION: Levocetirizine is a third generation non-sedative antihistamine. Chemically, levocetirizine is the active enantiomer of cetirizine. It is the L-enantiomer of the cetirizine racemate. Levocetirizine works by blocking histamine receptors. Levocetrizine is chemically, (R)-2-[2-[4-[(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] piperazin-1-yl] ethoxy] acetic acid dihydrochloride. Chemical Structure of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride: Ambroxol is an active N-desmethyl metabolite of mucolytic bromhexine. Ambroxol is used as a bronchosecretolytic and expectorant drug. Ambroxol has been shown to increase the quantity and decrease the viscosity of respiratory tract secretions. It enhances pulmonary surfactant production (surfactant activator) and stimulates ciliary motility. These actions result in improved mucus flow and transport (mucociliary clearance). Enhancement of fluid secretion and mucociliary clearance facilitates expectoration and eases cough. Ambroxol is chemically, trans-4-[(2-Amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)amino] cyclohexanol hydrochloride. Chemical Structure of Ambroxol hydrochloride: Literature survey revealed that various analytical methods involving UV Spectrophotometry, HPLC and HPTLC have been reported for LCTZ and AMB alone and in Combination with other drugs. However there is no method developed for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in liquid dosage form (Syrup). The objective of present work was to develop simple, rapid, economical accurate and precise analytical method for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in liquid dosage form (Syrup). The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and successfully employed for the assay of LCTZ and AMB in combined liquid dosage form (Syrup). MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and Reagents: Analytically, pure LCTZ and AMB were provided as gift sample by Bidwai Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Nanded and Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, respectively. Syrup of LCTZ and AMB, Mzic D manufactured by Monad Pharmaceuticals, were purchased from local pharmacy. Methanol AR grade (Molychem) and Distilled water was used throughout the experimental work. Instruments: A UV-Visible Spectrophotometer: Shimadzu, Model: UV-1800 with 1 cm matched quartz cell and UV Probe 2.33 software was used. Calibrated analytical balance Anamed was used for weighing purpose. Digital Ultrasonic Cleaner (Sonicator): HMG India and Vaccum Pump Assembly: Millipore was used for the experimental work. Preparation Standard Stock Solution: Ambroxol hydrochloridre standard stock solution: Accurately weighed reference standard of AMB (10mg) was transferred to 100ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml solvent (Water, methanol 1:1) and sonicate for 5 min. then volumes was made up to the mark with same solvent; to obtain standard stock solution (100Â µg/ml) of drug. For the preparation of working standards, suitable aliquots of stock solution were pipette out and volumes were made up to the mark with solvent (Water, methanol 1:1); so as to get required concentrations. Levocetrizine dihydrochloride standard stock solution: Accurately weighed reference standard of LCTZ (10mg) was transferred to 100ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml solvent (Water, methanol 1:1) and sonicated for 5 min. then volumes was made up to the mark with same solvent; to obtain standard stock solution (100Â µg/ml) of drug. For the preparation of working standards, suitable aliquots of stock solution were pipette out and volumes were made up to the mark with solvent (Water, methanol 1:1); so as to get required concentrations. Selection of analytical wavelength: Sample solutions were scanned over the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm, ÃŽ »max for AMB and LCTZ were found at 231 nm and 246 nm. Representative absorption spectra of AMB and LCTZ are shown in fig. 1 2. Fig. 1 : Absorption Spectra of LCTZ Fig. 2 : Absorption spectra of AMB Preparation of calibration curve of AMB and LCTZ By appropriate dilution of standard stock solution, different dilutions were prepared ranging from 5Â µg/ml to 35Â µg/ml for LCTZ and 5 Â µg/ml to 50 Â µg/ml for AMB. Absorbance of all the dilutions was plotted against the respective concentrations to obtain the calibration curves. The absorption overlain spectrum of AMB and LCTZ is shown in fig. 3 Fig. 3 : Overlay Spectra of LCTZ AMB Fig. 4 : Calibration Curve of LCTZ Fig. 5 : Calibration Curve of AMB Analysis of Marketed Syrup Formulation: Ten syrup bottles were weighed accurately, average weight was determined and poured in calibrated measuring cylinder to check extractable volume. As per label claim syrup contain LCTZ 5mg/5ml and AMB 30mg/5ml, so 5ml syrup was pipette out in 100 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in water: methanol (1:1) solution, sonicated for 10 min and filtered. Then different concentrations of syrup sample were prepared by serial dilution method and used for analysis. Prepared syrup sample was analysed on UV spectrophotometer using Simultaneous Equation Method. Method Validation The method validation parameters linearity, precision, accuracy, repeatability, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were checked as per ICH guidelines. Precision: Precision of the method was verified by using syrup stock solution, the repeatability indicates the performance of the UV instrument. Interday and intraday precision was determined by repeating the assay three times in same day for intraday precision and on different day for interday precision studies. Accuracy (Recovery Study): To check the accuracy of proposed method, recovery studies were carried out at 80%, 100% and 120% of the test conc. As per ICH guidelines. To perform recovery study at 100%, 5ml syrup pipette out in volumetric flask and to this standard 30mg AMB and 5mg LCTZ was added. The volume as made up to the mark with water: methanol (1:1) solution and further dilution with same solvent to obtain sample solution Similarly, for 80% recovery study, 26mg AMB and 4mg LCTZ were added, and for 120% recovery study, 36mg AMB and 6mg LCTZ were added respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Precision Intraday Precision: Sr. No. Interval of Concentration (Â µg/ml) % Recovery Time AMB LCTZ I 30.10 4.96 100.34 99.35 II Intra-day 29.95 4.95 99.84 99.28 III 30.20 4.97 100.68 99.54 Table 1 : Intra-day Precision data of marketed formulation Name of the drug Mean* SD %RSD AMB 100.28 0.4225 0.4213 LCTZ 99.40 0.1345 0.1353 * Indicates average of three determinations Table No. 2 : Statistical validation of intra-day precision data Inter-day Precision: Sr. No. Interval of Concentration (Â µg/ml) % Recovery Time AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ I 30.14 4.98 100.45 99.79 II Inter-day 30.09 4.98 100.32 99.72 III 29.96 4.98 99.87 99.63 Table 3 : Inter-day Precision Data Name of the drug Mean* SD %RSD AMB 100.21 0.3043 0.3036 LCTZ 99.71 0.0802 0.0804 * Indicates average of three determinations Table 4 : Statistical validation of inter-day precision data Accuracy (Recovery study): Level of Recovery Amount present (mg/5ml) Added concentration (mg) Amount recovered (mg) % Recovery AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ 30 5 24 4 54.31 8.97 100.58 99.74 80% 30 5 24 4 54.20 8.95 100.38 99.52 30 5 24 4 54.38 8.98 100.72 99.82 30 5 30 5 60.28 9.96 100.47 99.68 100% 30 5 30 5 60.32 9.97 100.54 99.70 30 5 30 5 60.22 9.95 100.38 99.54 30 5 36 6 66.31 10.96 100.48 99.69 120% 30 5 36 6 66.36 10.96 100.56 99.72 30 5 36 6 66.24 10.95 100.37 99.58 Table 5 : Recovery study data Level of recovery % Mean recovery S.D. % R.S.D. AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ AMB LCTZ 80% 100.56 99.70 0.1708 0.1553 0.1698 0.1557 100% 100.46 99.64 0.0802 0.0871 0.0798 0.0874 120% 100.47 99.67 0.0953 0.0737 0.0948 0.0951 Table 6 : Statistical validation of recovery study data Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation: Name of the drug LOD Â µg/ml LOQ Â µg/ml AMB 3.1645 9.5896 LCTZ 3.0891 9.3611 Table 7 : LOD LOQ CONCLUSION: The method used is simple and rapid and does not involve the use of complex instrument, low value of Standard deviation showed that the method is precise and high percentage of recovery of as shown in table shows that the method is accurate. Thus from the results it can be concluded that above developed UV method is suitable for estimation of AMB and LCTZ in syrup formulation. The estimated method is sensitive, precise, accurate, specific and economic. Hence, the method can be used successfully for quality control and routine analysis of finished pharmaceutical dosage form. REFERENCES: Indian Pharmacopoeia 2007, The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Government of India, Ministry of Health Family Welfare, Ghaziabad, Volume 2, 83 , 672. Makarand Avhad, Dr. C.G. Bonde, development and validation of simultaneous uvspectrophotometric Method for the determination of levofloxacin and ambroxol in tablets, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2009, 1, 4, 873-888 P.A. Patel, M.N. Dole, P.S. Shedpure, S.D. Sawant, Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Estimation of Salbutamol And Ambroxol In Bulk And Formulation, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4, 2011, 42-45 Ilangovan Ponnilavarasan, Chebrolu.Sunil Narendra Kumar, and P.Asha, Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Loratadine in Tablet Dosage form by Using Uv Spectrophotometric Method, 2.2011, 338-345 Jawed Akhtar, Monica Padaria, Development Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Doxofylline Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Bulk their Combined Dosage Form, Indo Global Jr. of Ph. Sciences, 2013, 3(1), 90-95 Ritu Kimbahune, Sunil K, Prachi Kabra, Kuldeep Delvadiya, Sanjay Surani, Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Analysis of Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Guaifenesin and Terbutaline Sulphate In Liquid Dosage Form (Syrup), International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review And Research, 8, 2, 2011, 24-28 Jyostna S.Patil, Chandan R. Rane, Radhika D.Ingale, Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Levocetirizine and Ambroxol in Pharmaceuticalv Dosage Form, Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 2013, 3, 2, 1115-1122 S Lakshmana Prabu, AA Shirwaikar, Annie Shirwaikar, C Dinesh Kumar, G Aravind Kumar, Simultaneous UV spectrophotometric estimation of ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride, Indian J Pharm Sci, 70(2), 2008, 236–238. Kishore Konam, Pottabathula Hari Prasad, Punuri Samuel Lukaraju, Sirajudeen. M.A, Determination of montelukast sodium and levocetrizine hydrochloride by using HPTLC method, Elixir International Journal, 38, 2011, 4276-4278 Madhura V Dhoka, Shakuntala S. Chopade, Method Development Comparative Statistical Evaluation of HPLC HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cefodrixil Monohydrate Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 2012, 203-212 Prince Francis Moses, Prathap Singh, Alagar Raja, David Banji , Analytical Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol and Desloratadine in its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form By Rp-Hplc, World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(6), 2013, 6246-6262 Rathore AS, Sathiyanarayanan L, Mahadik KR, Development of Validated HPLC and HPTLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride and Montelukast Sodium in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, Pharm Anal Acta, 1(1), 2010, 1-6

The Rise of Punk in 70’s Britain.

hDuring 1970s Britain, life was a picture of austerity and hardship for many members of the public. The country was facing the worst economic recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s and large numbers of the electorate were quickly beginning to grow tired of the failing policies being touted by both Labour and Conservative minority governments. The experience of Britain for many in the 1970s was one of drawn out decline and decay, the consensus politics of the 1960's was falling apart and Harold Macmillan’s notion of ‘You’ve never had it so good’ couldn’t have been further from the truth.It could be argued that the aforementioned factors played a role of importance when assessing the largely spontaneous emergence of the punk movement into British society. Economic recession, not only in Britain but in other major world nations, was ever increasing, mainly due to the 1973 oil crisis which eventually cost Heath his post as prime minister and p aved the way towards ‘The Rise of Thatcherism’.The crisis was due to the Arab members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), announcing, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship oil to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Syria and Egypt. These nations included the United States of America and their allies in the shape of Britain and Japan.British industry suffered a great deal due to the lack of oil being imported into the country, Britain began to face major competition from other major economies, such as Japan and the USA, in certain sectors such as manufacturing, which had previously been a large and consistent area of income. With the flight of capital in the face of increasing working class militancy, it soon became clear that Governments in the industrialised economies could no longer sustain a commitment to full employment.As factories within these newly competitive industries were forc ed to close due to falling sales, it consequently had the effect of rising unemployment. By the mid 1970s unemployment had reached well over a million people and did not show signs of ceasing at any point soon after. The electorate began to resent the emergence of mass unemployment as it had not played any real part within British politics since the years shortly following the end of World War I, a period of British history which the British public would not look back on with any great affection and certainly would not want to revisit.Considerable amounts of workers who had been recently made redundant began supporting trade unions on a more regular and meaningful basis. The unemployed became aggrieved with the failing British economy and felt adamant that they deserved better support and welfare than they were currently receiving due to the government’s current inadequacies. Now that the trade unions had a much greater support, albeit in unfortunate circumstances, they began to put increasing pressure on Heath’s conservative government to pass legislative measures to aid the unemployed in their hour of need.Workers from almost all of the countries key industries such as mining, ship building and car manufacture went on strike to demonstrate their frustrations and vent their anger towards the incompetence of the Tory’ administration. The refusal by either party to make compromises on their respective arguments only furthered the problems and deepened the mire which Britain was steadily descending into.Due to the prolonged strikes by the mining community which started on the 10th February 1974 and lasted until 7th March of the same year, Britain found herself being exceedingly stretched to the point of what resources they had left circa the aforesaid strike action. Electrical power was deemed to be being consumed at too much of a prompt pace and under the rule of Edward Heath, the Conservatives decided on the introduction of the ‘Thre e Day Week’. The Three Day Week was a policy in which commercial users of electricity would be limited to a quota of three specified consecutive days use in a week long period.General members of the public also had to deal with the consequences of the striking populations’ actions. Ministers solemnly urged the populace to share baths and brush their teeth in the dark. Television, which by now was one of the nation's favourite pastimes, was brought to an untimely end at 10. 30pm each evening. Heath had promised â€Å"tomorrow would be better than today†, but he couldn't even keep the lights on. An image synonymous with the mid to late 1970s was that of piles of rotting rubbish collecting on pavements throughout the country.Waste centres were closed and emergency refuse sites were opened in town streets after binmen joined in months of strikes. This only became a further irritant to the British electorate who were becoming increasingly restless waiting for the gov ernment to develop new strategies in order to tackle the ongoing disrepute between themselves and Britain’s workforce. The social and economic problems of Britain, however, could not be solved simply by government legislation. Unrest was caused by much more than Heath’s perceived shortcomings as a Prime Minister. The problems of society ran far deeper than that.A process of fallout from the 1960's had occurred; a sizeable part of the generation born at the end of the late 50's and early 60's were coming into maturity and most were without the guarantee of a job, economic stability and a sense of community. The younger generations within Britain began to feel alienated from their peers and it could also be argued that some may have wished alienation upon themselves to escape from what was fast becoming a dire excuse for a society. The youth of the time were on the lookout for an escape from their lives of conservatism, conformity and control.This accumulated feeling of resentment towards the authoritarian government manifested itself in the form of the Punk movement. From late 1976, kids started to appear on Britain’s streets in attire which shocked the everyday British citizen. Ripped t-shirts with hastily drawn band logos, safety pins, bin liners and spiked hair defined a new image. Since the 1960s any diversity became a wagon to jump on; any music, fashion or ideologies that were incorporated within the ‘free love’ scene were no longer something that the uninspired youth of the ‘70s aspired to be part of.Mods, Rockers and Hippies were all fast becoming sub-cultures that were deemed to be cliched by the nation’s youth. The ‘60s scene had been entirely commercialised by the establishment and had been turned into areas of profit by large record companies. These record labels however also were not putting any interest or faith into anything new in the music industry, they wanted to stick with what had brought them so much profit and it seemed nothing would be able to shift their ‘if its not broken, don’t fix it’ mentality.The establishment of the 1960’s-70’s did not want their youth creating counter-cultures, thus the average youth felt the need to rebel and so the DIY culture exploded. Although punk never reached the forefront in the 60’s, the rebellious ethos of the movement was beginning to show, mainly in American acts and specifically within the New York rock scene. Teenagers influenced by the R;B styled groups of the decades earlier years began to form their own garage bands across the United States. Various trends and events would occur at the inception of the 1970’s that would be helpful in advancing the music ndustry and working towards the growth of punk rock, namely the deaths of Jimi Hendrix and Jim Morrison which seemed to have brought the popular music lovers into a state of uncertainty and would now mean music journalists wou ld have to find new acts to write about. In Great Britain, bands and artists such as David Bowie had started to refine their sounds in hope of reviving their careers. The result of this was the so called ‘glam’ movement, which saw artists like T-Rex and Roxy Music beginning to blend pop song structures with harder edged guitar based material.Back in the New York Scene, a trashy streetwise orientated version of glam was starting to surface. A band eager to take to the throne of this was the New York Dolls. The Dolls, and later, The Ramones would serve as somewhat of a prototype, from which later came the Sex Pistols and many other of London’s punk bands such as The Clash, The Jam and Siouxsie and The Banshees. By the mid ‘70s many music lovers had become tiresome towards the industry’s ‘run of the mill’ rock that the public were being force-fed. Members of the public began to see rock and roll acts as nothing more than that acts – artificial, manufactured and uninspiring.The world of rock had become a tightly controlled, moneymaking machine in which record sales and success held precedence over any passion or true emotion. Essentially people yearned for a rock and roll that was innovative and fun again. On December 1st 1976 an infamous event occurred that made sure that anyone who was not aware of the emergence of punk was now fully conscious of its presence. The Sex Pistols appeared on the ‘Today’ show as a last minute replacement. The band was interviewed by Bill Grundy who naively on his part, proceeded to provoke the band to â€Å"say something outrageous†.For Mick Jones in particular, he took this as an open invitation and obliged with a barrage of expletives, which not surprisingly, shocked the early evening audience. The following day the front page of various national newspapers contained pictures of the band on the show and a summary of their antics. The older generation of Britai n, needless to say, were in outrage. This however was exactly the kind of reaction the band had dreamed of. It gained them column inches and further made the public aware of their existence. Whilst in the public spotlight the band released arguably their most famous single, ‘God Save The Queen.The song came at a time when opposition to royalty was still seen as treasonous and frowned upon by the majority of British people. The record was quickly refused airtime by the BBC whose station, Radio 1, dominated the broadcasting of music at the time. Only DJs such as John Peel dared to play punk in succession to other popular music hits of the era. Nevertheless, during the week of Queen Elizabeth II’s silver jubilee, the single ‘officially’ reached number two in the UK charts although many large record stores knew that ‘God Save The Queen’ was outselling Rod Stewart’s â€Å"I Don’t Want To Talk About It† by four to one.Unbelievabl y, the charts had been rigged so the music industry would not be red-faced by such a spectacle. However this did not deter the band from putting out further material. ‘Pretty Vacant’ and ‘Holidays In The Sun’ were released to promote the Sex Pistols’ first and only full length album, ‘Never Mind The Bollocks – Here’s The Sex Pistols’, which was released in November and subsequently went straight to the top of the album charts despite many stores refusing to stock it.After another tour, this time held in secret to avoid bans, The Pistols’ final gig took place at Ivanhoe’s in Huddersfield on Christmas Day 1977 before they took off for the ill-fated U. S. tour in January 1978. They had originally been scheduled to start the tour in December 1977, beginning with a performance on Saturday Night Live, but due to the bands run-ins with the law, were unable to get their passports in time, so Stiff Records’ band , Elvis Costello and the Attractions, went on in their place. The eight show tour of the U. S. was a badly planned and dispiriting experience for all concerned.Sid Vicious, the band’s bassist, was beaten by the bodyguards who were hired to protect him, Johnny Rotten was ill and the bands’ performances were destroyed by awful sound and hostile audiences. On the final date of January 14th at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco, Rotten quit, famously asking â€Å"Ever get the feeling you’ve been cheated? † before walking off. Punk bands continued to play the usual haunts around London, but never again did anyone come close to causing the outrage or having the success which the Sex Pistols had experienced.I went about organising a question and answer session with my father Martin, who was in his teens during the emergence of punk and also followed the movement with great interest. Through summarising the feedback I gained from the aforementioned intervie w I was given a great personal viewpoint on the society of the mid 1970s as well as his own personal experiences of the same period. ‘Through the 1970s the news was all about strikes, economic downturns and lost opportunities.As a teenager I can recall the 3 day week when places of work closed to save energy, my dad would be at home on reduced pay (he worked for the GPO – now BT) and the newspapers would print schedules showing when your area would have power cuts, which were a regular part of life. I remember my dad taking my sister and me for a drive in the car to Falkirk to get out of the house and keep warm rather than sit in the house with no power. TV stations shut down after the news at 10. 30 in the hope that people would just go to bed and save electricity.A mate of mine bought packets of candles from the market in Glasgow and made a decent addition to his pocket money by selling them round the neighbourhood where he lived. Also the entitlement to dole money fo r school leavers had been stopped which meant that you couldn’t sign on and get money straight away, you had to wait for a number of weeks before you’d get a â€Å"Giro†. Unemployment was making the headlines in the papers and for the first time in years people were leaving school believing that they wouldn’t get a job, or at least wouldn’t get one that was worth having as the factories and shipyards which traditionally paid well were closing.I started to become aware, mainly through the pages of the NME, a number of bands from London who were playing music inspired by early Iggy Pop and The Stooges as well as The Ramones. The latter had made front page headlines in The Glasgow Evening Times, which had got itself in a state of moral outrage over the song â€Å"Sniffin’ Glue† arguing that the number of kids dying from glue sniffing could be increased due to the song. Bearing in mind how few copies it sold, it was nonsense.John Peel onc e said of the punk era â€Å"You don’t know you’re bored, until you stop being bored. † I was 17 in 1976 and probably the only band I was currently into was Dr Feelgood. They were a band playing Chuck Berry influenced songs, wearing bad suits! The prevailing music of the time was bland, inconsequential, middle of the road rubbish by Rod Stewart, The Eagles and Queen. I still remember vividly the moment I first actually heard the Sex Pistols in November 1976.My friend Davie had borrowed a copy of ‘Anarchy in the UK’ from his friend in school and we played it in my bedroom. I can remember us both laughing out loud at how different it was and how blown away we were by it. We must have played it 10 times in a row. Looking back, I think we felt like we were part of a â€Å"privileged few† who had heard the song as it was subsequently banned by all radio stations at the time, this is hard to imagine now. The 3rd single released by the Pistols, â₠¬Å"Pretty Vacant†, could only be played on Radio 1 after 10pm.If anything, it only reinforced the Pistols credentials as the band you most wanted to be associated with. We started to see and hear of people dressed as â€Å"punks† around the city, though what constituted the punk look was very difficult to describe. It could be anything from old school jumpers ripped and worn inside out, t-shirts torn or cut and held together with safety pins with band names scrawled on in biro or marker pen or even t-shirts made from bin liners.For girls the look was heavily based on Jordan (Pamela Hook) and Siouxsie Sioux; short skirts, fishnets, and heavy eye make-up. . Glasgow District Council decided to withdraw licences of any venue which had booked punk acts, effectively banning punk in the city. Occasionally you’d hear of a secret gig being played somewhere in Glasgow and you had to meet up to be told where it was. By the Summer of 1977 I’d left school and got a job in an independent record shop and remember the clamour when the first Pistols album came out.People were waiting around in the shop for it to be delivered. Every box that arrived, we’d be asked if that was the album. First one out of the box went onto the sound system at maximum volume and we couldn’t keep up with people shoving to the front of the queue. Eventually the council lifted the ban and loads of bands came to Glasgow, many playing small gigs and doing signing sessions in the shop where I worked, including The Clash who were considered to be the most overtly â€Å"political† band of the era. ’

Increasing Number of Overweight Children

Nowadays, the number of children in the obese range is increasing in developed countries. This has led to a rise in the medical fees paid by the government to treat these children. Such medical expenses have reached an alarming rate that a solution is necessary to mitigate this problem. Who should we blame for the children’s health? What some people are maintaining is that the number of fast food outlets has risen dramatically. They argue that food rich in fat is usually prepared in these restaurants such as McDonald’s, KFC, and Burger King.Customers could save their time by eating in these outlets. Instant cooked meals are served within a short time. Furthermore, the food which is high in salt and calories tastes good to most of the children. Finally, they will be addicted to this food. The fast food advertisements shown on the television seem to enhance the appetite of the children. They would eventually persuade to their parents to bring them to the outlets. While th e above example may be true to some extent, some people claim that the role of the parents is the main factor.The quality of people’s lives is improving. To achieve a higher standard of living, the parents have to work from day to night. Therefore, less time is accounted for the health of the children. They may even bring the children to fast food outlets for their staple meals. Some parents may not prepare a balanced meal just because their children reject vegetables. Ultimately, it is a pity that the children have to carry their extra body mass around. In my opinion, if all the fast food outlets could be closed, our younger generation would not suffer from being overweight.

Project Management Certifications An Analysis - 1323 Words

PROJECT MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATIONS – An analysis INTRODUCTION Projects are vital for business. Successful completion of a project determines the survival of the organization. Increasing number of organizations have recognized that to be successful they need to utilize modern project management techniques. Individuals are also realizing that to be competitive in the work environment they must develop project management skills. Hence the profession of project management is growing rapidly. International Project Management Association (IPMA) is an international non-profit organization, develops project, program and portfolio management competencies and promote project management internationally. It is the first project management†¦show more content†¦To facilitate that, the Project Management Institute (PMI) and other organizations offer several certifications in the field of project, program and portfolio management. The following are list of popular certifications. International Project Management (Level A, B, C, D) The International Project Management Association (IPMA) offers a four-level certification program. Certified Projects Director - IPMA Level A, Certified Senior Project Manager - IPMA Level B, Certified Project Manager - IPMA Level C, and Certified Project Management Associate - IPMA Level D. If the Candidate meets the competence requirements he/she can apply to the desired Level. The IPMA uses various steps for assessment of the candidate. The main requirements for each level are derived from typical activities, responsibilities, and requirements from practice. Image source: http://ipma.ch/certification/certify-individuals/ Project Management Professional PMP Project Management Institute’s Project Management Professional (PMP) credential is the most important industry-recognized certification for project managers. Globally recognized and demanded, the PMP demonstrates that you have the experience, education and competency to lead and direct projects To apply for the PMP Certification exam, one needs to have either of the following requirements: A secondary degree (high school diploma, associate’s degree, or the global equivalent) with at least five years of